Chapter VI:

Structure of the Nucleus of the Atom

The Nuclear Gravitation Field just outside the nucleus is based upon the number of nucleons in the nucleus, which is, essentially, proportional to the mass of the nucleus.  That mass is the total mass of the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus.  Under Isaac Newton's assumption that gravity is a function of mass, the gravitational field established by the electron is expected to be much smaller than that of a proton or neutron because the electrons have a mass about 5.435×10^-4 of that of either a proton or neutron.  For any given atom, the gravitational attraction provided by the electron is negligible in comparison to the gravitational attraction of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.  The mass of all the electrons of the atoms that make up the Earth is virtually negligible compared to the mass of the nuclei of those atoms.  Therefore, only the mass of the nuclei of the atoms contained within the Earth as a whole make any significant contribution to the overall gravitational field of the Earth at either the Earth’s surface or above it.  The ratio of the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom to the electrons of an atom varies from 1 to 1 to 2.5 to 1.  Nearly all Hydrogen atoms have one proton to one electron relationship, a 1 to 1 ratio.  Oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons to 8 electrons, a 2 to 1 ratio.  Lead has 82 protons and 126 neutrons to 82 electrons, a 2.5 to 1 ratio.  On average, the ratio of the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom to the number of electrons in the atom is about 2 to 1. Hence, the total electron mass to total proton and neutron mass ratio will be about 2.718×10^-4 to one, a very insignificant value.  In addition, the probability of any electrons being close enough to the nucleus to have any effect on the Nuclear Gravitation Field at any given time is extremely remote.  The electron gravitational attraction (assuming there is such an attractive force) can be ignored, especially in the region of space approaching the surface of the nucleus.  This is a fair and reasonable assumption because the most probable location of the electrons “orbiting” a nucleus would vary from about one-tenth atomic radius to one atomic radius.  The diameter of an atom is on the order of 1 Angstrom which is equal to 1×10^-10 meter.  The nucleus of the atom is much, much smaller.  The diameter of the nucleus varies from about 1×10^-15 meter (1×10^-5 Angstrom) to 1×10^-14 meter (1×10^-4 Angstrom) based on atomic mass.  The atomic mass is a function of the number of nucleons, that is, the number of protons and neutrons, in the nucleus.  Therefore, the atom is made up mostly of empty space.  Almost all the mass of the atom is located in the nucleus because the proton or the neutron has a mass about 1,840 times greater than the mass of the electron.  The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072765 Atomic Mass Units (AMU) equal to 1.66054×10^-27 kg.  The rest mass of a neutron is 1.0086649 AMU equal to 1.67493×10^-27 kg.  The rest mass of an electron is 5.4858×10^-4AMU equal to 9.10939×10^-31 kg.  The structure within the atom is illustrated in Figure 6-1.

Figure 6-1: Structure Within the Atom

Reference: http://www.pce.net/jbogdan/physics/quantum.htm

NOTE:

The hyperlink to the above Referenced Website is no longer available.

Index and Direct Links to Other Chapters of Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory
and Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory Home Page/Table of Contents:

Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory

1. Purpose for Evaluation of the Strong Nuclear Force and the Force of Gravity



2. Executive Summary



3. The Classical Physics Evaluation of Electrostatics and Gravity
1. The Electrostatic Repulsion Force
2. Newton’s Law of Gravity - The Attractive Force of Masses
3. Comparison of Electrostatic Repulsion and Gravitational Attraction



4. Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory:  Major Stumbling Blocks to Overcome



5. New Theory Results Must Equal Old Theory Results When and Where Applicable
1. Newton’s Law of Gravity as It Applies to Large Masses and Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory
2. Kepler’s Laws, Gravity, and Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory



6. Structure of the Nucleus of the Atom



7. The Schrodinger Wave Equation and Quantum Mechanics - The Particle and Wave Characteristics of Matter



8. Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory Versus Accepted Strong Nuclear Force Overcoming Electrostatic Repulsion



9. Comparison of the Nuclear Gravitation Field to the Gravitational Field of the Sun and the Gravitational Field of a Neutron Star



10. Quantum Mechanics, General Relativity, and the Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory



11. Properties of the Strong Nuclear Force, Nuclear Properties of Bismuth, and the Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory



12. Conclusion



13. Appendix A:  References



14. Appendix B:  Background of the Author

Index and Direct Hyperlinks to the Other Web Pages on this Website:

1. Gravity Warp Drive Home Page



2. Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory  (Specific Chapter Links are Provided on this Web Page)



3. Purchase e-Books



4. History of My Research and Development of the Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory



5. “The Zeta Reticuli Incident” by Terence Dickinson



6. Supporting Information for the Nuclear Gravitation Field Theory



7. Government Scientist Goes Public



8. “Sport Model” Flying Disc Operational Specifications



9. Design and Operation of the “Sport Model” Flying Disc Anti-Matter Reactor



10. Element 115



11. Bob Lazar’s Gravity Generator



12. United States Patent Number 3,626,605:  “Method and Apparatus for Generating a Secondary Gravitational Force Field”



13. United States Patent Number 3,626,606:  “Method and Apparatus for Generating a Dynamic Force Field”



14. V. V. Roschin and S. M. Godin:  “Verification of the Searl Effect”



15. The Physics of Star Trek and Subspace Communication:  Science Fiction or Science Fact?



16. Constellation:  Reticulum



17. Reticulan Extraterrestrial Biological Entity



18. Zeta 2 Reticuli:  Home System of the Greys?



19. UFO Encounter and Time Backs Up



20. UFO Testimonies by Astronauts and Cosmonauts and UFO Comments by Presidents and Top U.S. Government Officials



21. Pushing the Limits of the Periodic Table



22. General Relativity



23. Rethinking Relativity



24. The Speed of Gravity - What the Experiments Say



25. Negative Gravity



26. The Bermuda Triangle:  Space-Time Warps



27. The Wright Brothers



28. Website Endorsements and Favorite Quotes



29. Sponsors of This Website



30. Romans Road to Eternal Life In Jesus Christ

© Copyright Kenneth F. Wright, April 10, 2000.
All rights reserved.  No portion of this document may be
reproduced in any form without written permission of the author.